Native Title Law Reform Australia Essay

Mabo and others v State of Queensland (No.2 (1992) HCA 23, is arguably one of the most famous native title claims in Australian history. This case was the first in Australian history to successfully overturn Terra Nullius and essentially led to the creation of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) (‘The Act’). Terra nullius means land belonging to no one or land that has never been subject to sovereignty of any state and is a part of International Law. The majority of Indigenous People view terra nullius in a negative way, as this term had been used as a means for justifying invasion or takeovers of traditional land. The result of terra –nullius on ATSI (Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islanders) meant that they have suffered countless wrong doings and injustice towards them. ATSI were not seen as official Australian citizens according to the law until 1967. This meant the law offered no protection of basic human rights or land rights resulting in large losses of spiritually significant land. The first case to take legal action over land rights was the 1971 Gove land rights case. The Yolngu people took legal action against Nabalco Mining Company in the Northern territory Supreme Court. The Yolngu people claimed that Nabalco Mining were illegally mining on their land (the Gove peninsula) without approval. However a number of set backs were encountered such as terra nullius not allowing for native title and the Doctrine of Reception which effectively outlined that once a country (in this case Britain) has colonized a territory, that country’s law now automatically applies, overruling any previous laws that were once in place. For the Yolngu people this unfortunately meant that their claim was rejected in 1971 (by Justice Blackburn) as the Australian legal system did not have to abide by Native Yolngu land laws. This caused further cultural divide between the Indigenous customary law and the English legal system. â€Å"Native title is the right of Indigenous people to their traditional land.†(Cambridge Legal Studies, preliminary, pg 98). The English legal system had a very different approach when it came to property rights, Aboriginal Peoples divided land according to the amount of space needed to provide for a large number of people in accordance to how much food there was available in that area, for example clans living near coastal regions  need far less space to find food than a clan living in the outback as food there is few and far between, this is how land was divided. Were in contrast to the English system we see individual property rights Eddie Mabos lifelong battle for social, human and land rights for the Torres Straight People is an admirable one still remembered today as the first successful claim of Native Title and the first overturning of terra nullius. The Doctrine of reception made the challenge of proving traditional ownership even more difficult unlike past cases such as the 1971 Gove land rights case. Murray Island was different Murray Island had distinct borders; it also had a mythical God called Malo (pronounced Mare). Malo is the source of Meriam heritage and culture. Malo can be seen as a form of Common Native Law. Land ownership, responsibilities; religious beliefs and ritual dances were all covered within Malo law providing the groundwork of an affective case against the state of Queensland. Malo has existed for as long as the Island and its Native People and was therefore a valid piece of evidence in both Mabo cases. Eddie Mabo was able to prove that land was passed down from father to son, generation to generation thanks to Malos law and tribal dances. â€Å"Malo, or Bomai, which is his secret and more sacred name, established the laws which decreed that clans must keep to their own paths, ‘swim with their own kind’, sow their lands and conserve the seas. – From Malo – Bomai topic in Mabo – The Native Title Revolution. The affective criterion for achieving justice involves a number of elements each being interdependent of one another and only when used as a whole can are they of any good affect. When assessing the effectiveness of Native Title Law Reform fairness, equality, access and efficiency need to be considered. As fairness has been a large issues of concern for Aboriginal People in the Past, Civil disputes involving Aboriginal land rights certainly begs the questions of who is at fault? When taking legal action for Native Title claims the plaintiff must prove that they owned the land previously and are therefore entitled to claim it. Burden of proof has not been fair in this situation as the Traditional Land was not received lawfully but was taken from underneath them without a leg to stand on. Therefore if this system were to be fair than it should be up to the owners  of the land to prove they came by the land in agreement with Traditional Indigenous Owners. The second issue is equality. Equality is difficult to achieve as the law can lead to injustice if everyone is treated the same. Disadvantaged people may include, Indigenous and Torres Straight Islanders, young, economically disadvantaged and the elderly, the same may be applied to access. And finally efficiency, efficiency means weighing up the cost of achieving a goal for example financial cost, time, and human resources all add up and if the cost outweighs the result than that in some cases can be seen as a negative result. In conclusion steps to repairing past damage and injustice inflicted upon the Aboriginal And Torres Straight Islander People are progressing yet it is still unbelievably difficult for ATSI people to claim any compensation thanks to large disadvantages in all aspects of the law. Resources are costly and access can be difficult for some people in their situation therefore they are still being put second best in the eyes of the law and Justice has not been achieved for the ATSI people meaning that although Native Title Law Reform is a step in the right direction we still have a very long way to go before true equality is reached. Reference list: AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAIT ISLANDER, 2008 The native title revolution, Australian Government, Canberra, accessed 11 May 2014, . Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner, Social Justice Reports, 1994-2009 http://www.humanrights.gov.au/social_justice/sj_report/ and Native Title Reports, 1994-2009 High Court of Australia – The Wik Peoples v The State of Queensland & Ors; The Thayorre People v The State of Queensland & Ors [1996] HCA 40 (23 December 1996) Mabo – Native Title revolution 2000, Film Australia, Pdf, accessed 11 May 2014, . Social Justice and Human Rights Issues: The Global Perspective, 2010 Charles Sturt University, accessed 11 May 2014, . National Native title Tribunal, 2013 Australian Government, accessed 8 May 2014, . The High Court Recognition of Native Title – The Mabo Judgment and Its Implications, 2012 Treaty Republic, accessed 9 May 2014, .

Paramedicine Essay

Paramedicine is a unique field of practice that represents the connection between public health, health care, and public safety. The idea of paramedicine originally featured in the EMS Agenda, which expands the idea of traditional emergency medical services to emergency response system. It brings together responsibilities and roles that are associated with paramedics and at the same time represents the highest level of practice, which is witnessed out of a hospital medicine and cared by non-physicians. This means that paramedicine is a health profession that focuses on assisting families, individuals, and communities to attain, re-attain and at the same time maintaining optimal health, that usually results from sudden onset or acute result that emerges due to medical, and or traumatic events. This type of profession is common and practiced mostly in the out of hospital setting (Adrian 2006, pp. 56). The practice that is associated with paramedicine is usually art, and is based on the sciences of physiology, human anatomy, and pathophysiology. The aim of paramedicine is to promote best possible quality of life, as defined in philosophy of persons and families, which is common throughout their life expectances, which ranges from the care that occurs between birth and death. Paramedicine Profession The profession practice that is used in a paramedicine setting includes a complex and at the same time independent decision making, which is evident in the face of incomplete, ambiguous, and the information that is obtained maybe conflicting. The common decisions making that comes in practice includes readiness and response, patient assessment, scene management, emergency vehicle operations, clinical problem solving, planning, leadership, therapeutic communications, patient education, disposition decisions, and resource coordination. Hence, it involves the application of concepts of medical care at the same time in an uncontrolled, challenging, and austere condition. John’s research paper on Paramedicine World (2006), sums up the natural condition of a professional paramedicine expert, â€Å"People who are in the field of paramedicine should have a wide knowledge and at the same time are supposed to be experienced in issues that are related with complex and fast decision making capabilities without external pressures† pp. 23. Moreover, a part from the idea or portion of practice, paramedicine involves the routine use of medical skills, and tasks, which are controlled by the law. For the different regulated tasks e. . administering a medication, starting an IV, and performing invasive task, requires the practice of paramedicine to be dependent (Adrian 2006, pp. 55). The dependent portion that is present in practice of paramedicine is usually based on a collaborative relationship that has a physician medical director who is charged with provision of medical oversight. The contemporary philosophy that is in medical oversight involves provision of treatment that is common in the physician protocols in encouraging clinical problem solving and in decision-making. Hence, the decision that regards the protocol that is implemented is based on the formation of a specific paramedic diagnosis. Paramedicine bases on the emerging concept of paramedic theory, this theory is based on the study and analysis of three pillars of paramedicine; public health, medicine or health care, and public safety, which interact and intersect. It is stated in the IoM Report EMS at Crossroads (2006), that EMS is currently fragmented and at the same time largely separated from the general and overall health care system. Major emphasis in the theory of paramedic is the integration of emergency medical services, both extra-professionally and intra-professionally. Extra-professional study takes care of integration of EMS with the current nation’s emergency care and the health care system. Intra-professional integration bases on the study of distribution, resource allocation, efficiency and deployment. Other areas that are involved in paramedic theory are response planning, emergency response, inter-facility transfer, community education and response or disaster preparedness. Example of skills of paramedicine staff In different parts of the world, e. g. Canada, United States, United Kingdom and Australia have different tasks that they are supposed to undertake with specified qualifications. However, some skills that they are supposed to be performed include; †¢ Emergency vehicle response †¢ Emergency operations †¢ Mass casualty staging and triage †¢ Patient rescue and extrication †¢ Patient transportation †¢ Notifications and Radio Communications †¢ Life Support (Basic, advanced) †¢ ACLS – Advanced Cardiac Life Support †¢ Pharmacological treatment and electric cardiac arrest †¢ Medical administration and at the same time fluid resuscitation The emergency medication that is offered varies in terms of individual medication, and depends on the preference of the physician medical director, the law and at the same time the standard of the care. The individual medication drugs may include Adenocard and Atropine, which monitors the speed of the heartbeat. At the same time, they treat anxiety and crisis conditions and perform RSI. They may at times be permitted to administer pain relievers, and monitors vomiting. Experts who are in the field of paramedicine should have a wide knowledge of pharmaceuticals and the dugs that aid in life support. Paramedics are supposed to have a wide knowledge on drugs that can save and salvage a situation, and at the same time minimize the effects of side effects† (Richard 2006, pp. 78). As written by James in his article Paramedicine Vision (2006), he states that, â€Å"The field of paramedicine depicts different level of emergency containment, and any service that is administered depends on the laws of that specified region, the advice from the physician in charge and the nature of incident† (pp. 45). Qualified Paramedicine Place of Work They are usually employed by different organization, with varied operations distinctions. At the same time, they can be employed by the government agencies in public hospital, part of fire department and municipal EMS service. There presence is common in private sector organizations e. g. private ambulance companies, private hospitals, mines, corporations, racetracks and air ambulance services. At the same time they can work in voluntary sector which they do not offer monetary compensation e. g. community response units or Volunteer Fire Department. Paramedicine in United States Paramedicine is practiced different and the qualifications that are required differ between states. An example is the United States, a paramedic is a person who is qualified in paramedicine field and responds to treatments and medical emergencies and trauma that is common in outside of hospital settings. They provide treatment on the scene and during the transportation to a hospital emergency department. People from this profession also treat patients who do not require hospitalization, such as large events and public gathering. They obtain the legal authority to practice pre-hospital medical care in the said field, and they obtain license from physician medical director who are specialized in the field of Emergency medicine. In this scenario, they serve in out-of-hospital extension of the emergency services, which are offered by medical doctors in the hospital emergency sector. The medical doctors are qualified, and have great amount of experience and directs the functions that are performed by EMTs and other medical responders. There are different ways that the paramedics as stipulated by National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) are classified – EMT – B (basic), EMT – I (Intermediate), EMT – P (Paramedic) and the First Responders. In the United States, paramedics who work independently, and are under the direction of emergency medical control physicians, and they provide the most advanced emergency level for public outside hospital settings. Nevertheless, there are exceptions to those physicians who operate with air ambulance and jurisdictions that honor CCP – Critical Care Paramedic courses, which are not accepted by the state but are required during hospital ICU to hospital ICU transfers. In general, this means that depending on the region where the department is situated, their ability depends on the states or region conditions. There may be rules and conditions that are supported in the United States and are not eligible in United Kingdom or Australia. At the same time the technology and support that such institutions receive differs a lot, which results in different levels of success in their operations. Paramedicine is an important field in maintaining the state of human life. The demands that are required by different level of populations: individual, family and community are completely different. People who are involved in paramedicine have to understand all socio-ethical, traditional, and legal jurisdiction. The field of paramedicine has various issues that are brought into focus. These issues should be merged in certain way that it does not cause any conflict and they include public health, health care and public safety. Hence, combines different categories to yield paramedics. It is able to combine features that are seen in physiology, human autonomy, and pathophysiology to give birth to a conclusive field of practice. Its operability is some how demanding since it is dependent and at the same time requires stringent decision-making tasks. All this are based in the field of paramedic theory, and brings issues that are related with extra profession and intra-profession, The different fields that are required are used differently depending on the nature of the situation and conditions that are set. This means that it is a collaborative work between different governmental, private and volunteer groups.

Argumentative Essay : My Argumentative Synthesis Essay -- Writing, Essay

I started out by rewriting my entire first body paragraph which had a lot to do with coffee and its crucial role to the United States, and the South American economy. I had to delete the majority of this paragraph and re-read all my sources. I rewrote this paragraph and stated out in a lot of detail the importance and beneficial role that coffee had to play in the American economy. This time I did so in my own words. I elaborated in all the details such as how coffee affected small coffee houses and how it contributed in the making of worldwide jobs. The organization in this essay wasn 't so great so i ended up organizing it much better. I started out by first talking about how coffee benefited the U.S economy, and then i moved on into the effects it had on the South American economy. ce on how caffeine can be a risk reducer towards type II diabetes and liver cancer was a walk in the park metaphorically speaking. Another strength of mine is my wordplay. While this can also be a big w eakness because at times I can write some really awkward sentences it can also bring about some creativity on how I state things out. I used this to my advantage and used it on my first essay, the explanatory synthesis essay. Concluding this essay as a writer i feel more knowledgeable and in a sense my skills have vastly improved. I know how to use sources and scientific articles. I 've also learned how to cite sources and write a good bibliography. My knowledge has also expanded to the point where i now know how to use scholarly journals. As a growing writer I feel as if I have a lot more to learn in the near future and i feel like i have a lot of growing left to do.

What roles do international organisations play in global politics Essay

What roles do international organisations play in global politics - Essay Example Governments, especially of the less developed countries, are heavily dependent on large organisations as they provide job opportunities to local people. MNCs bring with them large investments which is considered important in the economic growth of a country. This makes the role of international organisations important with regards to global politics. In this paper we will attempt to highlight the role of international organisations on global politics. Evolution of international organisations will also be discussed briefly. Rapid industrialisation was witnessed in the 18th and19th century as firms started mass production of goods. International trade also increased slowly and firms began to expand into different countries. This facilitated growth of private enterprises as companies started to engage in production of goods and services. This is the time when seeds of international organisations were sown and organisations started to accumulate wealth and power. Agriculture output in Europe increased in the 17th century which facilitated a population growth. This growth in population meant facilitated industrialisation as people started to seek other professions. Also the living standards of the population started to increase greatly in the 17th century which played an important role in fuelling worldwide industrialisation (Lucas, 2002). When standards of living were higher technological progress was made which again facilitated the process of industrialisation. Firms began to use advance technology to manufacture products. Mass production became possible which again strengthened private firms and helped them to grow even more. Another important development was that road system was improved and railway system was overhauled, and this helped different firms reach a wider target market (Meier & Rauch, 2000). In the 19the century experts started to advocate capitalism which they thought was responsible for the progress of the world. The doctrine of

Analysis Of Ford Motor Companys Balance Sheet Assignment

Analysis Of Ford Motor Companys Balance Sheet - Assignment Example   Equity refers to the difference between total assets and total liabilities (Fridson et al 2011).  Purpose of the balance sheet  The main purpose behind the preparation of financial statements is to allow major decision makers to assess the present condition of the company and make changes as needed. Balance sheet, therefore, gives users an idea of the company's financial position along with presenting what the company owes and owns. It also indicates how the economic resources contribute by shareholders and lenders are used in the business. It helps investors to determine the financial standing of a company (Fridson et al 2011).  Creditors and banks use the balance sheet to make decisions on loans to be extended to the company. Also, stock investors use the statement of financial position to uncover whether the business represents a good investment. Balance sheet indicates trouble areas for the company such as back taxes owed or chronic late payment fees for bills (Peterson & Fabozzi, 2012).   How it reflects the company’s financial status  Statement of financial position often sums up the liabilities, assets and the owners' capital as a specified point in time. Analysis and review of the balance sheet show the current financial health of a company. Subtracting total liabilities from total assets results into stockholders' equity, this is the net worth of the company. Balance sheet, therefore, shows the value of the company (Ittelson, 2009).

Impact of Technology on Customers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Impact of Technology on Customers - Essay Example Technology has greater influence on each of these phases. The first phase of the NPI process includes resource planning and trade off studies which are essential to identify potential outsource and offshore development opportunities (Benchmark electronics). For this purpose, organizations like Sony Corporation depend on highly developed information technologies including the internet. In the business plan development phase, technology has assisted the Sony to evaluate market opportunity, market risk, and other technical risks; hence the company could deliver effective services to its customers by understanding the main business issues behind product launching. Sony Corporation updates project costs and other project parameters in the project execution phase. Technology plays a significant role in the updation of projects parameters and development of deliverables for the next phase. Conducting gate reviews, the final stage of the NPI project makes sure that predefined conditions have been achieved and hence the project development is on track. In short, Sony Corporation greatly depends on technology in order to carry out its new product implementation programs effectively, and this practice in turn provides larger benefits to ultimate customers. Ways that added value from new technology Global organizations like Sony Corporation get ranges of benefits from the fast growing technology. The Sony has an online network presence in several formats. For instance, one of the company’s websites offers different information on its products and services. This website also provides information on corporate applications for its product and service offerings. Similarly, the company provides a Sony Card and PlayStation Card to its customers with intent to allow them in earning redeemable points while they purchase the company’s products and services. Sony’s Rebate Zone website gives rebates by mail following the purchase of a Sony HVR-V1U HDV Camcorder o r a Sony HVR-DR60 Hard Disk Recorder/Player (Sony marketing mix). The company’s expenditure of over $5 billion in 2009 can be directly attributed to its focus on research and development (R&D) activities. In addition, the focus on R&D has aided the company to launch technologically improved products in the market. For instance, the introduction of BRAVIA, ZX1, VAIO P series of notebook computer, and the Cyber-shot HX1 compact digital camera can be attributed to the company’s increased concentration on R&D activities. This practice also enables the company to revise its product base periodically. It is clear that R&D activities are largely based on wider application of modern technology. As a result of the faster technological development, the company is able to offer improved services to its customers. Support plan for customers Sony Corporation is a global company that daily deals with millions of customers. Customer satisfaction can be completely met only if customer s are provided with effective after sales services. In order to effectively answer various customer queries, the company must apply improved modern technology. Firstly, it is advisable for the company to establish an effective customer care system that offers 7/24 hours’ service. In addition, the company can offer toll free services to its customers for interacting with its customer care.

The Community Nursing Practice Model Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

The Community Nursing Practice Model - Assignment Example This theory takes a wholesome approach to nursing. It aims at ensuring that the health needs of the community members are fulfilled in the best way. It emphasizes access to primary care, and ensures that the values of primary health care get to be met satisfactorily. This model can be utilized in actual practice to promote the health of diverse community members. The values used in the model help in providing care that can lead to a decrease in many health concerns. These could include an increase in the community mortality rates, following greater access to health care, and treating the community members in a caring manner. More to these, the model helps in promoting the well-being of the community, through provision of quality advice. This includes advice on better eating habits that lead to a reduction in the cases of malnutrition (Barry & Lynn, 2011, p. 22). A brief nursing situation and possible significance of the theory or an aspect of the theory in the situation This model allows care to be granted in various institutions, such as schools. Therefore, schoolchildren get to access prompt health care while still in school. This serves a number of advantages to those connected to the child. First, the child receives immediate treatment, thus reducing the seriousness of the presupposed illness. This saves the student enough school time, hence ensuring that the student does not miss their studies for a long duration of time.

Management Theory into Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Management Theory into Practice - Essay Example ExxonMobil is one of the world’s largest publicly traded international oil and gas company (ExxonMobil, 2010a). Its main purpose is to provide energy to growing economies and to alleviate the quality of living throughout the world. The company has an extensive cache to global oil and gas resources that makes it one of the leading names in the energy industry. Not only is the company the world’s largest refiner and marketer of petroleum products but its chemical company is one of the largest in the world. The company prides itself for its continued emphasis on innovation and spends extensively on finding more energy-efficient methods of production and delivery. Being one of the most successful companies of the world is strongly indicative of good management. The ExxonMobil official website pays herald to its strong leadership by saying that the discipline and commitment of the leadership has â€Å"led to competitive advantages† (ExxonMobil, 2010b). According to th e Chairman and CEO of ExxonMobil, in the current turbulent times, a company can only be successful if it considers business discipline and corporate citizenship to be interlinked (Schwartz, 2010). Drawing a SWOT analysis of ExxonMobil, one can see that the strength of the company lies in its technological advancement, and strong emphasis on research and development. The strong and stable financial performance of the company, coupled with its diversified revenue system, provides it with the leading market position.

Synthesis Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Synthesis - Research Paper Example When reflecting upon the value of student services, there are many things that need to be taken into account. One is that the student body is diverse, and is more diverse now than perhaps at any time in the history of higher education Included in this diversity are LGBT students (Komives & Woodward, 2003). Additionally, there are many ethical and legal foundations that must be considered (Hamilton, 2002). Civil Rights laws and affirmative action are the legal aspects that must be considered (Sandeen & Barr, 2006). Diversity is a staple on campus, as there are many ethnicities and first generation students, as well as disabled students and LGBT students (American College Personnel Association, 2006).   Also, as a student professional, I must be concerned with the theory of what guides the profession. There are many learning and development theories, and theories of organization. The guiding organizational theory is one that is considered to be collegial, which means that faculty and staff have autonomy, and may participate in decision-making and governance through committee work and hiring (Komives et al.,   2003). Along the same vein is the theory of leadership that states that collaborative leadership, in which everybody in the community is involved in decision-making, is best (Love & Estanek, 2004). Financial aid is becoming more important to students, as there is increasingly a lack of funding combined with higher tuitions. Other challenges include the fact that technology has increased, which means that e-mail and chat has replaced face to face interaction in many cases.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a student services professional, I must focus upon not just teaching and training, but also advising. Student professionals must be able to understand the problems of the student body, and be able to craft an acceptable solution to these issues. Interpersonal and problem solving skills are essential when advising students, as well as havin g a thorough understanding of developmental and learning theories. Conflict resolution and community building are other skill sets which are necessary for student services personnel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To this end, in my role as a student services personnel, I know that I will have to wear multiple hats, while being a part of a collaborative team. The collaboration of the team will be crucial in solving problems which might crop up with our student body. I must not only know all the details about financial aid packages, and be able to advise the students accordingly, but I also must be able to resolve conflicts between students and the faculty, other students or organizations. One of the ways to resolve these conflicts is through mediation, so I must be familiar with the mediation process and be able to listen to both sides and use my mediation skills to help the opposing parties come to some type of acceptable agreement between them. Cognitive and learning theories will come in handy when advising students about the course that they should take to reach their goals outside of college. Some of cognitive theories are that of Piaget. Piaget discovered that there are ways that people think, reason and make meaning from experiences (Komives, 2003). What this means to me is that there must be challenges for the students – they should always be subjected to new and different stimuli, and should be encouraged to seek out ideological positions which are different from what they currently have. This might mean that I will encourage the students to try different coursework that might develop their ideologies, or coursework that would help them look at subjects in

The Holocaust in the history is a unique occurence Essay

The Holocaust in the history is a unique occurence - Essay Example Such an event signifies the uniqueness of the holocaust whereby it cannot be compared with other forms of suffering experienced in historical genocide such as those that took place in Cambodia, Rwanda and elsewhere. Since antiquity, the hatred towards the Jews propelled individuals to establish a league of Anti- Semitism that augmented its hatred towards the Jews. Anti- Semitism throughout history has considered factors such as military, culture and economic to justify their hatred towards the Jews. Those who upheld anti- Semitism attributes feared the Jews military advancement whereby they considered it as a threat, while others feared and got angry at Jew’s business orientations since it made them economically self- sustaining1. In addition, majority feared the Jew’s culture since the Jews lived in a large community that could not borrow or assimilate in other people’s culture. In justifying the uniqueness of the holocaust, one should not view the approach as an effort to garner the Jew’s psychological advantage or a sacred prestige because of the suffering they went through. The holocaust will invariably echo in the minds of historian who tries to fathom the atroc ities that faced the European Jews. Some critiques of the uniqueness of the holocaust postulate that claiming the atrocities that met the Jews are an act of garnering prestigious attributes to the Jews. The notion is not correct especially in the contemporary societies where the most powerful control events and activities. In such a society where the powerful dominates, it is not prestigious to be powerless and victimized. The uniqueness of the holocaust is better understood by revisiting the history within the Nazi Germany, within the history context of the Jewish and the general history. Within the Nazi history, it is indicated that approximately 55 million individuals perished by

In terms of Tylenol Product Contamination case Study Essay Example for Free

In terms of Tylenol Product Contamination case Study Essay Answer:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Based in Tylenol Contamination Case, There have been long-term effects in the minds of people, specially, those families who have been victims of Tylenol terrorists. â€Å"People had to think twice about the purchase of consumer’s products after the poisoning that year, for those families who lost their loved ones, it may be their worst nightmare to forget. Furthermore, even though the new bill strengthened sentencing of product terrorist and the FDA required increased safety measures; there was still no guarantee that any product was 100 % safe. People learned that they could no longer protect themselves completely from even the most harmless products. And the effects of this crisis for Johnson Johnson, â€Å"they needed to find the best way to deal with the crises, without destroying their reputation of company and most profitable product, Tylenol†. (The Tylenol Crisis Story). Johnson Johnson also learned that it need to be more proactive and vigilant about product safety not only to restore the name of their company and uplift their reputation but also to gain back people’s trust and confidence of their product. â€Å"After Tylenol related deaths, the FDA counted 270 incidents of suspected product tampering. Many marketing experts thought that Tylenol was doomed by doubts that the public may have had to whether or not the product was safe â€Å"(The Tylenol Crisis Story). This disaster in Johnson Johnson History brought the consumers in hysteria and doubts for every product sold in the market. It must have been difficult for the Public, and people who have been affected of this nation scare, to forget and accept those sudden deaths that caused their loved ones to leave them suddenly. Part II Question:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Based on the short and long-term effects of the crisis, what could the company have done differently to either avoid or better manage the crisis? Answer:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Based on the short and long-term effect of the crisis, the company must communicate to all types of media, a good technique to warning the public. Like what JJ did of advertising the pulling of their products out from the market or exchanging distributed bottles laced or without laced with cyanide, gave them a positive feedback. Each member should work as a team to immediately diffuse the crisis. Supporting each other will be a great tool to face challenge and to better manage the crisis. Leaders of the association must posses a quality of a true leader like, James E. Burke to effectively enforce authority to work together with in line mission. Question: How can the company prevent this type of crisis from happening in the future?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The company must be more vigilant and proactive in packaging their product. Though the Tylenol tampering case had not taken place at either of its plants, even though cyanide was available in the premises, the team in charge in supervising the area must be strict to implement the policies needed to ensure quality product. Part III Application of Peter Grazier Principles:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Purpose, Challenge, Camaraderie, Responsibility, Growth, Leadership are the six principles in Peter Grazier’s Article. In building an association, company or business, one has a purpose, Grazier stated in His article; â€Å"Motivation was lacking when the team’s purpose was not in line with some of the members’ wants and needs†. As a team, it must be very important that their purpose or mission must aligned with the other members wants and needs to be more productive and effective in accomplishing their mission.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The team must feel the Challenge of their task, together with a strong sense of Camaraderie. Supporting each other and working together as a team, would be a great help to perceive challenge as easy and require little energy to accomplish on something easily obtained. Another Principle in Grazier’s article is Responsibility and Growth. In order to be effective and highly motivated team, members of the organization must feel responsible for the outcome, it can be tricky, but a team with sense of responsibility grows and learns. â€Å"These people that moving forward, learning new concepts, adding to their skill base, and stretching their minds are improving their Growth according to Grazier article.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The most important principle of Grazier is Leadership. Johnson Johnson have good leaders, because the fact that their decision of pulling their product off the market would cost millions of dollars to lose, but JJ understands the public hysteria and safety needs, so they recall all of the bottles from the lots that were laced with cyanide. Two important Principles in Grazier’s Article The two important principles from Grazier’s Article are Purpose and Leadership. During the disaster in Johnson Johnson History, Chairman of the board, James E. Burke and other members, work together as a team not only to restore the name of their product, Tylenol and to uplift the reputation of their company but also to gain back public’s trust and confidence of their product. â€Å"Domestic affiliates were asked to make presentations to people in the medical community. These presentations were made by the millions to promote support for the reintroduction Tylenol†.(Tylenol Crisis) These principles reflect good concept for effective management because Johnson Johnson successfully restore the Tylenol to its preeminent position, though it take time and money but according to James E. Burke, â€Å"they consider it as moral imperative, as well as good business.† â€Å"Johnson Johnson team is candid, contrite, and compassionate, committed to solving the murders and protecting the public(Tylenol Crisis). The company has both strong sense of responsibility and authority, their public relation program did much to recover quickly from possibly greatest crisis to come. Techniques used by Johnson Johnson The company, consider most the public safety, and restoring people from hysteria. Though may be tricky, but the company’s decision of recalling their product from the market and sending warning to health professionals, was made no hesitation. Another technique that helped JJ to recover quickly was company’s fully cooperation to all types of media, which was crucially important to warning the people from ensuing danger. Those Techniques used by JJ, are consistent with the principles of Peter Grazier in His article â€Å"Team Motivation†. The company has good leaders and followers; its members are aligned with its purpose and work together as a highly motivated team that could stand over a long period of time. JJ painlessly recover and restore their reputation from the Tylenol crisis with the help of millions of domestic affiliates.   REFERENCES Atkinson, Rick. The Tylenol Nightmare: How a Corporate Giant Fought Back. The Kansas City Times. November 12, 1982. Beck, Melinda, Mary Hagar, Ron LaBreque, Sylvester Monroe, Linda Prout. The Tylenol Scare. Newsweek. October 11, 1982. Broom, Glen M., Allen H. Center, Scott M. Cutlip. Effective Public Relations, Seventh Edition. Prentice-Hall Inc. 1994. Church, George J. Copycats are on the Prowl. Time. November 8, 1982. Foster, Lawrence G. The Johnson Johnson Credo and the Tylenol Crisis. New Jersey Bell Journal. Volume 6, Number 1. 1983. Giges, Nancy. New Tylenol Package in National Press Debut. Advertising Age Magazine. November 15, 1982. Goodman, Howard. PR Effort Launches New Tylenol Package. The Kansas City Times. November 12, 1982. Johnson Johnson. The Comeback. A Special Report From the Editors of Worldwide Publication of Johnson Johnson Corporate Public Relations. 1982. Knight, Jerry. Tylenols Maker Shows How to Respond to Crisis. The Washington Post. October 11, 1982. Lewin, Tamar. Tylenol Posts an Apparent Recovery. New York Times. December, 24, 1982. Tifft, Susan. Poison Madness in the Midwest. Time. October 11, 1982. Tylenol Murders.

Teenager and Technology Essay Example for Free

Teenager and Technology Essay Computer Science As it always be defined, Computer Science is the systematic study that deals with the theory and methods of processing information in digital computers, the design of devices hardware and software, and the applications runned by the operating system. Although the fact that made it the most sophisticated technology since the industrial revolution, some social and ethical issues need attention from the software developers. Computer technology is double ­edged sword, it is either positive and negative in some cases because of the social impact that it brought in our society. Many cases have been subjects of eternal debates, the main one is privacy. A loss of privacy is one of the social issue that we have been dealing with during these 10 past years. For example, the positive and negative side of cameras all around us used to check on our daily activities, this could be good for our safety but can also be bad because it violate somebodys private life. Firstly, individual’s personal data can be tracked and gained through databases, spyware and cookies, which give providers wider chances to access personal information. The WWW servers can create extensive log of the users who are accessing the web.

Reflection Paper on Nursing Mentor

Reflection Paper on Nursing Mentor Scenario/Situation I was working with preceptor to supervise undergraduate students on their clinical rotation in different units of Aga Khan University Hospital. The students were divided into two groups; my preceptor and I supervised one group and another course faculty supervised the other group. It was the end of second week of clinical rotation, when one group of students complained to my preceptor that their assigned teacher is not visiting them for the last two weeks even not responding their e-mails and phone calls. In addition, they also stated that clinical preceptor is not facilitating them for their clinical based project because there was no direct communication between course faculty and preceptor. My preceptor kept quiet and did not respond to the students. My role in the Situation/Scenario I was surprised to hear the complaint stated by students because I wondered that how it could be possible that a teacher, who is working in a standardized institution (AKU), will not fulfill her responsibilities. I assumed that teacher must have been going to clinical but due to some reason, she might not be able to see some of the students. Based on my assumptions, I defended the teacher in front of the students by saying that â€Å"how it can be possible that she did not visit students for a single day on their clinical rotation†. In response to my verbal defense for the teacher, students showed anger by muttering to each other, â€Å"She is doing favor of the teacher and not paying attention to our concern†. Reflection Later on, I reflected on the scenario and asked a few questions to myself. Did I answer appropriately to the students? Why my preceptor kept quiet in front of students? What could be the reason that teacher is not going to supervise students on their clinical? Is it not expected from a teacher to visit students on their clinical? What are the students’ expectations from their clinical rotation? What is the role of clinical preceptor in facilitating students on their clinical? Analysis of the Situation and my Learning After analyzing the situation, I regretted for what I said to the students after knowing the fact that teacher did not supervise students for a single time. I realized that I should not respond to students as I did based on my assumptions of a standardized institute rather I should take some time to analyze the situation and then respond to students according to the scenario. If I would be given a second chance for the same kind of situation/scenario; I would say, â€Å"let me give some time to ask from the teacher that how we could solve the situation or facilitate you (students)† in order to be fair with the teacher and students as well. I thought a number of reasons for silent attitude of my preceptor in front of students. I assumed that there could be two alternatives for demonstrating silence by my preceptor; one is that she is not concerned about others what they are doing in their job. The second reason could be that she might be already aware of the situation that other teacher is not attending the clinical. I discussed this issue with my preceptor and I was surprised to know that my preceptor was already aware about the situation and she had forwarded the report to the respective director of undergraduate program. There could be a number of reasons if a teacher is not performing his/her duty to supervise students on their clinical as required. One could be personal attitude of a teacher that she/he may not be interested in supervising students on clinical; the second reason could be poor health of a teacher. Besides, there could be a possibility that teacher is overburdened due to some other assignments restricting her to perform the job. I realized that, a teacher must report it to the prospective supervisor or director whatever the reason he/she had rather than ignoring and compromising the students’ learning. I have learnt from the situation that if I would be given the responsibility of clinical supervision of students, I would perform my job as per the requirement. If there would be some reason, I would report my concerns directly to my supervisor/director. Furthermore, I would arrange some alternatives for it; for example, I can request to some other faculty for replacing my duty and facilitating students on their clinical rather than compromising students’ learning and giving a bad impression of myself to students. Role of a Teacher and a Preceptor in students’ clinical based learning I have analyzed the role of a teacher and clinical preceptor through available literature; a teacher should supervise the undergraduate students during their clinical to facilitate them for better learning outcomes (Borch, Athlin, Hov, Duppils, 2013). If a teacher is not monitoring students on clinical then it is not only difficult for a teacher to grade/mark their clinical evaluation, but also compromise students’ learning in terms of not addressing their learning needs. Furthermore, the role of preceptor is also very crucial in facilitating the students for required clinical hours and clinical based learning. A preceptor’s support and guidance facilitate students to gain confidence and ease their anxiety during clinical hours (OConnor, 2014). I learnt from the scenario that there are a number of essential aspects of effective preceptorship model. Preceptor must be informed in advance (before the commencement of students’ clinical hours) for what is expected from her/him and must be agreed to facilitate the student for his/her learning. There must be clear communication between course faculty and clinical preceptor for students’ facilitation for their clinical learning. In addition, course faculty must arrange a face-to-face meeting with clinical preceptors and students so that the expectations of students and preceptors should be communicated ahead of time. Role of Students in Clinical Based Learning The role of students is also very important in clinical based learning environment. For clinical based learning, students are expected to formulate and share learning objectives with their course faculty and clinical preceptor. Moreover, students are required to fulfill the required clinical hours and work under clinical preceptor’s supervision for completion of learning objectives. Students should discuss the issues and concerns with their preceptors and course faculty as needed. In addition, students value the presence of a teacher for their learning during clinical (Bjork, Berntsen, Brynildsen, Hestetun, 2014) as they can openly discuss their concerns and issues related to their preceptor and clinical environment. It enhances their confidence level and makes them responsible and accountable for their learning. I have learnt from the scenario that, clinical based learning is both challenging and rewarding for the students. Students may come across different types of challenges such as, development of learning objectives in relation with the course objectives, and prepare self for each clinical day. On the other hand, students learn best from their clinical based experience and gain confidence in decision making with facilitation of the preceptor. In addition, they also experience teamwork by coordination with preceptor and course faculty. To conclude, clinical based learning is significant particularly in nursing profession. For clinical based learning, students should provide the opportunity for application of theoretical concepts into practice in order to prepare them as the future nurses. For clinical education, students, course teachers, and clinical preceptors play an essential role in achieving the desired results for students’ effective learning outcomes. Course teacher must be accountable for their responsibilities towards students’ clinical learning and assessment. In addition, regardless of the reason, one must approach the suitable way to solve the issues rather than assuming or ignoring the situation. Moreover, students, course faculty, and preceptors must have clear expectations from each other about their clinical rotation and the learning objectives.

A Re-Vision of Teaching: Portrait of a Teacher in Process Essay

A Re-Vision of Teaching: Portrait of a Teacher in Process In Adrienne Rich's essay, When We Dead Awaken: Writing As Re-Vision, Rich writes about re-vision as the act of seeing with fresh eyes, of entertaining an old text from a new critical direction (629). RichÆ’ÃŽs idea of looking at a subject with fresh eyes is a strategy that I decided to employ to reflect on my own teaching practices. In using re-vision to examine one particular lesson that I taught on Adrienne Rich/feminism and another lesson on revision source integration, I was able to see my lessons from a new perspective. Just as Alice Walker looked at her mother unconventional piece of art, a garden, in her essay, In Search of Our Mothers Gardens, I began to see my lessons as unconventional pieces of artwork in this same way (746). Examining my lessons from this artistic perspective enabled me not only to explain the process itself, but also to discover what was missing from my first lesson, the role of the student. Looking at my process ultimately helped me to redefine studentsÆ’ÃŽ roles in the classroom. If I had recorded my feminism Adrienne Rich lesson this is what it would look like: fifteen minutes of me talking. This talk begins with me introducing an article in The Chronicle of Higher Education, which was written by a first-year composition teacher, Kate Dube. I bring the class attention to the observations she discovers from her class when they discuss feminism. I mention a few misconceptions about feminism, some students' thoughts on feminism, and reasons that Dube thinks feminism is a necessity due to the fact that there is still inequality between men and women today. Reading the class a statistic ... ...The Computer Delusion. The Atlantic Online. July 1997 . Rich, Adrienne. When We Dead Awaken: Writing as Re-Vision. Ways of Reading. 6th Edition. Bartholomae, David, and Anthony Petrosky. New York: Bedford/ St. Martins, 2002: 625-640. Rodriguez, Richard. The Achievement of Desire. Ways of Reading. 6th Edition. Bartholomae, David, and Anthony Petrosky. New York: Bedford/ St. Martins, 2002: 652-670. Tate Online. Tate Online: British and International Modern Art. 10 December 2004. . Walker, Alice. In Search of Our MotherÆ’ÃŽs Gardens. Ways of Reading. 6th Edition. Bartholomae, David, and Anthony Petrosky. New York: Bedford/ St. Martins, 2002: 738-747. Winterson, Jeanette. Art Objects Essays on Ecstacy and Effrontery. New York: Vintage International, 1995: 3-20

The Hero Journey in Star Wars :: Film Movies Star Wars Themes Essays

The Hero Journey in Star Wars   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Star Wars was a low budget science-fiction film that became a blockbuster box office success. The movie has been extremely popular with all cultures and ages for several decades. As well as being popular Star Wars also conveys many important themes. I believe one of the more prominent themes throughout the movie is the classic hero journey. The hero journey is a major part of stories and myths throughout the world. Both primitive and modern cultures use hero journeys as the basis for stories. The three main parts of a hero journey are the departure, the initiation, and the return. Luke’s departure is caused by a variety of factors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Luke’s eventual departure is set in motion by the purchase of two androids that were previously involved in the rebellion. Luke receives a call to aid in the form of a prerecorded message stored in one of the android’s memory. Luke finds a traveling companion and a teacher in Obi-wan Kenobi. Luke is hesitant to leave his home planet until the empire kills his Aunt and Uncle, leaving him no option but to fight. Luke’s next step is initiation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Luke goes through many initiations during his journey. He is initiated to the loss of loved ones with the deaths of his Aunt and Uncle and eventually Obi-wan. He is initiated to the way the world really works by spending time in the Mos Eisley Cantina. He is also initiated to battle during the groups amazing escape from the Deathstar. The final step in Luke’s journey is the return.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Luke’s return most certainly takes place at the end of the movie. It seems all might be lost as Darth Vader has wiped out all the fighters except for Luke. Darth is moving Luke into his sights when Han Solo and the Millennium Falcon appear and remove all threats to Luke’s safety. The Hero Journey in Star Wars :: Film Movies Star Wars Themes Essays The Hero Journey in Star Wars   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Star Wars was a low budget science-fiction film that became a blockbuster box office success. The movie has been extremely popular with all cultures and ages for several decades. As well as being popular Star Wars also conveys many important themes. I believe one of the more prominent themes throughout the movie is the classic hero journey. The hero journey is a major part of stories and myths throughout the world. Both primitive and modern cultures use hero journeys as the basis for stories. The three main parts of a hero journey are the departure, the initiation, and the return. Luke’s departure is caused by a variety of factors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Luke’s eventual departure is set in motion by the purchase of two androids that were previously involved in the rebellion. Luke receives a call to aid in the form of a prerecorded message stored in one of the android’s memory. Luke finds a traveling companion and a teacher in Obi-wan Kenobi. Luke is hesitant to leave his home planet until the empire kills his Aunt and Uncle, leaving him no option but to fight. Luke’s next step is initiation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Luke goes through many initiations during his journey. He is initiated to the loss of loved ones with the deaths of his Aunt and Uncle and eventually Obi-wan. He is initiated to the way the world really works by spending time in the Mos Eisley Cantina. He is also initiated to battle during the groups amazing escape from the Deathstar. The final step in Luke’s journey is the return.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Luke’s return most certainly takes place at the end of the movie. It seems all might be lost as Darth Vader has wiped out all the fighters except for Luke. Darth is moving Luke into his sights when Han Solo and the Millennium Falcon appear and remove all threats to Luke’s safety.

Garrison Keillors The Prodigal Son vs. Lukes The Parable of the Prodi

Garrison Keillor's The Prodigal Son vs. Luke's The Parable of the Prodigal Son The classic story of the Prodigal Son is one of the best known parables in literature. A parable is often times described as a short narrative which teaches a moral; however, the plot is more realistic, than say a fable, and the characters are humans as oppose to animals or natural forces within nature. Parables are also presented in a more suggestive tone, which leaves them more open to interpretation. The play Prodigal Son told by Garrison Keillor differs greatly in terms of style compared to Lukes The Parable of the Prodigal Son told in the Catholic scriptures. Both of these parables convey the same moral, however, both are open to very different interpretation. This option for different interpretations when referring to this story truly exemplifies what a parable is meant to be. Keillor took the classic story of the Prodigal Son, told in the writings of Luke, and was able to transform it into a comedic piece of literature, in which people of the times could better relate to. It is argued that Keillors version is disrespectful to the original parable; however, I disagree with that for many reasons. Understanding the true definition f a parable itself assists in the supporting of Keillors style and technique. The parable story the Prodigal Son told by Keillor is much more dramatic, by which he was able to establish more tone within each character. He did that by writing the parable in a script form, which was intended to be acted out for an audience. That was not the case with thte biblical story, where it was told in third person perspective. Keillors version of unveiling the moral though the characters first person dialog allowed the audienc... ...eturns home to a warm welcome. This definition holds true to the parable that is told by both Catholic scripture and Keillors comedy. Overall I found that Keillor did an excellent job incorporating more personality to the characters in his story. This allowed for more of a connection between the audience and the parable itself. He was able to change the dynamics of the story using a more conventional method of comedy and wit in order to stay true to the moral told in the traditional scripture version of The Parable of the Prodigal Son. Works Cited Kennedy, X.J., and Dana Gioia. Literature; Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Ed. Longman. New York: 2002. Kennedy, X.J., and Dana Gioia. The Parable of the Prodigal Son. Literature; Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Ed. Longman. New York: 2002. 232-233. 1361-1366. Prodigal. Microsoft Encarta College Dictionary. 1st ed. 2001.

Eleanor Rigby and Life in 60s Essay

The Beatles, one of the most famous bands in the world, have many great songs. â€Å"Eleanor Rigby† is definitely one of them. The song was written primarily by Paul McCartney. There are only two characters mentioned in the song, and Eleanor Rigby and Father McKenzie, and the entire story happens in the church. Eleanor Rigby picks up rice after a wedding and wearing a face the she â€Å"keeps in a jar†. Father McKenzie always writes boring words at his sermon and darns his socks in the night, day and night to repeat. They all live in their own world. Finally Eleanor Rigby died in the church and nobody will remember her, Father McKenzie is the only guy who comes to her funeral and hosts the ceremony. Besides the great contributions on the music side, â€Å"Eleanor Rigby† also provides us a gate way to learn the life in 1960s, and those behaviors in 60s affect our modern society. First of all, from the song we can have general knowledge about the living conditions in the 60s. The song published on the Beatles 1966 album Revolver. At that time, people were under the post war depression of the World War II, the economics grew slowly and the unemployed rate was high [1]. The song was written under such circumstances, it reflects the people’s feelings and behaviors at that time. At the beginning and the end of the song ask the same question â€Å"All the lonely people, where do they all come from? All the lonely people, where do they all belong? † (The Beatles, Line 7, 8, 21 and 22). This kind of question is always asked by people in 50s or 60s generations, we call it the Beat Generations, the answer is they all live in our own world; they belong to them and them all â€Å"liv [ed] in a dream. † (The Beatles, Line 4). That’s why Eleanor has â€Å"a face that she keeps in a jar by the door. (The Beatles, Line 5). People wear a face do not let others to see the real side of them, so that they can hide their real emotions. And she â€Å"waits at the window† (The Beatles, Line 5). â€Å"Who is it for? † (The Beatles, Line 6). However, until Eleanor dead whoever she was waiting for never came, â€Å"Eleanor Rigby died in the church and was buried along with her name. Nobody came. † (The Beatles, Line 17 and 18). On the other hand, Father McKenzie, â€Å"writing the words of a sermon that no one will hear. No-one comes near. † (The Beatles, Line 9 and 10). Why won’t anyone hear Father McKenzie’s sermon? In that generation, people are tend to be religions skepticism, they suspect everything even themselves. So there is no one hear Father McKenzie’s sermon and no one near him. Also, no one came to the Eleanor Rigby’s funeral can illustrate that people not believe what they use to believe. Moreover, the lyric shows the apathetic of the people like Father McKenzie. He â€Å"wip[es] the dirt from his hand as he walks from the grave. †(The Beatles, Line 19) focus on the action â€Å"wiping the dirt from his hand† looks like Father McKenzie just did his job and there is no emotion involved he did not feel anything about the death of Eleanor Rigby. In the 60s people were tend to be like Father McKenzie, they were numb, they did not have any emotions among other people that is why they are all lonely people. On the other hand, those emotions from the song also affect people in today’s society. In 2008 the global financial crisis began, many government nearly bankrupted, and people start losing their jobs. As the results for that people were seeing things like there lost their house, their family broken up and things they work for years do not exist anymore. So the feeling of loneliness appears at that time. Just like people in 60s, they start ask question like where are they belong and where are the go. People start hides their real emotions just like Eleanor Rigby has â€Å"a face that she keeps in a jar by the door. † (The Beatles, line 5). Also, after so many years believed in god, the god did not actually help them went the crises happened, and people start suspect their beliefs, just like no one hear Father McKenzie’s sermon and â€Å"no one come near. † (The Beatles, line 12). Additionally, people like Father McKenzie who are apathetic, so many things happened to them so that they became numb in order to hide the emotions, they do not care about other people like Father McKenzie â€Å"wiping the dirt from his hands as he walks from the grave. † (The Beatles, line 19). In general, the song â€Å"Eleanor Rigby† mainly talks about loneliness thought the two characters, and the emotions thought out the loneliness such as stoicism, suspect and apathetic. Also the song uses the characters life and behavior to indicate the lives in 60s and has a great empathy to our modern life.

Advanced Nursing

With the development of more advanced ways to deliver consumer centered quality health care services the traditional professional roles of nurse and doctor are being transformed. The shift from provider driven to consumer driven health care system anticipated a change in traditional ethical, cultural, and structural doctrine of professions in the system.As such, there is distinct shift in organization and culture of nursing profession, which includes the way nurses are educated, development of new nursing competencies, Code of Ethics, and a Code of Conduct, influences of human rights movement, opportunity policy, and legislation.There have been quite a number of speculations and criticism behind the establishment of advanced nursing practice but generally a lot of potential and promises have been seen from this profession.   Proof of this is that States such as Kansas have since revised their laws concerning the practice since 1999, and has generated positive responses thus far (â €Å"Nurse Practice Act changes to be introduced in 1999†, 1999).Similar cases in which there was an increase in the number of advanced nursing Practitioners has also been noted in States like Connecticut, where a community of APNs started their own discussion group until they found that their population has increase since they were established in the late 1990’s (Capobianco, 1999).Definition of Advanced Nursing PracticeAdvanced nursing practice at its simplest, is the attainment of further education, caring skills and field of practice of registered nurses.   Those who are undergoing advanced nursing practice posses a master’s or even a doctorate degree in nursing, and in doing so may entitle themselves to additional certification examinations.The practitioners of Advanced Nursing Practice are called Advanced Practice Nurses or APNs may also take the task of Certified Nurse Midwife (CNM), Nurse Practitioner (NP), Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS) or Certified Re gistered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) whenever required.   They may also administer primary health care, perform mental health services, diagnose and prescribe medicine, do some scientific research and finally they can also teach in medical and nursing schools.As with other professions, examinations are conducted to earn and maintain licenses which some professionals claim as almost like trying to acquire a medical practice license (â€Å"Advanced Practice Nursing†, 2006).Another definition of advanced nursing practice comes from Jeffrey Bauer, one of the authors of Telemedicine and the Reinvention of Healthcare: The Seventh Revolution in Medicine.   He defines advanced practice nursing as not just the attainment of higher education and training of a nurse but also the pursuit of excellence through the six foundations of professional autonomy.Bauer also noted that APNs can manage their own clinical practice and that they are probably the solution for the country’s ever present shortage of health care practitioners (Sharp, 2000).Brown (2003) in the position statement defines advanced practice nursing as â€Å"an umbrella term appropriate for a licensed registered nurse prepared at the graduate degree level †¦ with specialized knowledge and skills that are applied within a broad range of patient populations in a variety of practice settings.The competencies of specialists include the ability to assess, conceptualize, diagnose, and analyze complex problems related to health. Credentials for a specialist require current licensure as a registered nurse, at least a master's degree in nursing, current national certification in the advanced practice area, and approval by the board of nursing,† (Brown, 2003, p. 391).As such, even though there is a variety of definitions that are used by scholars to define advanced nursing practice, there are three crucial features that distinguish advanced practice nursing from a regular registered nurse: grad uate level advanced education, strong relevant and specific theoretical base, professional application of theoretical knowledge in a day to day practice.Definition and Roles of a Nurse PractitionerA nurse practitioner (NP) is an advanced practicing nurse, whose practice is focused on services that meet the general needs of community, individuals, families and groups. NP is one of the four types of dances practicing nurses, the other three – certified nurse midwife, certified registered nurse anesthetist, and clinical nurse specialist normally concentrate on a specific area of health, such as cancer care, gerontology, mental or national health (Hickey, 2000).  High level of demand for nurse practitioners that is caused by economic efficiency of these specialists as compared with doctors is a factor of the roles and focus of services provided by NP.When it comes to speaking about the scope of roles attributed to a nurse practitioner, they are broad. Earlier definitions addres s health promotion and disease prevention as well as involve diagnosis and management of common illnesses alongside with stable chronic diseases.Nurse practitioner’s roles also include ordering, conducting, and interpreting laboratory tests alongside with prescriptions, treatments, and therapies. The general roles must then be matched with the specific theoretical background of a nurse practitioner and the field of practice (Raingruber, 2003).As such, the focus of the nursing practitioners’ roles is on chronic health care treatment, performance of parental, child care, well-woman and adult care check ups, and, finally, health promotion and teaching alongside with disease prevention.Primary attention is given lately to patient – nurse practitioner relationships and the scope of NP roles in a given situation. Firstly, scholars emphasize advocacy relationships between the two, as there is a conflict between NP’s freedom to practice and patients’ right s and interests in health care settings.Ellen W. Bernal (2002) emphasizes the importance of friendly relationships between patients and medical personnel and the role of a nurse practitioner as a patients’ advocate. Under this view, NPs are to identify unsafe and unethical practices and at the same time maintain own autonomy in order to be able to openly stand up to moral and ethical dilemmas.At the same time, the need to maintain treatment boundaries within the nurse client relationship is also one of the roles of nurse practitioners. As nurse find themselves working in different therapeutic settings working on his/her own or as a member of   a team, the boundaries of client relationships are often a subject to testing (Peternelj-Taylor, & Yonge, 2003).As such, one of the roles of NP is to adequately respond to the testing within the boundaries of professional integrity. Even though there is a large amount of literature addressing therapeutic treatment boundaries for nurse practitioners, it is impossible to address every situation and the issue still remains to be up to nurses’ consent, whereas the role of NP is to establish and maintain working boundaries in patient relationships.Professional Issues Surrounding Advanced Nursing PracticePerhaps, the hottest issue surrounding current ANP is the blurring line between being a doctor and ANP. To be more specific, ANPs feel as though their â€Å"territory† is slowly being intruded by APNs, which they believe is outrageously unfair for them who have the â€Å"proper† and â€Å"real† right to administer medical attention to patients.A drastically increasing number of ANPs in the United States, which doubled within the past 10 years and, under the most modest predictions, is likely to double within the next 4 years. The scope of the issue is broad, as in more then half of the states ANPs are allowed to practice without any distinct requirement for physician supervision or collabor ation (Mccabe & Burman, 2006).Going even further then this, as nurses have authority to prescribe some drugs and are eligible for Medicaid reimbursement in every state – it is economically unreasonable for patients, whose focus shifted towards sustaining medicine and health care, to pay for considerably more expensive medical services provided by a physician. As such, there is a conflict between the roles of physicians and APNs, which leads to uncertainty and deprives medical students to pursue additional education.Thus, a way in which this matter can be solved is by putting a limit on what an APN can and cannot do by setting-up a set of guidelines and regulations that will clearly state the roles of the physician and APN so that arguments like these would be avoided (Edmunds, 1999).It should be further pointed out, that the issue is very challenging, as there is a need to issue federal level guidelines and, perhaps, even regulates market economically in order to resolve the current argument.Other professional issues surrounding Advanced Nursing Practice are related to patient-nursing roles, Ethical Code of Ethics and a Code of Conduct that define nursing behavior in a given situation. Being complicated and complex previously, they become a subject to even wider interpretation as a result of blurring difference between the roles of physician and APN, as they question the current hierarchy in health organizations and current reimbursement policy in health institutions.ConclusionNurses are the backbone of the industry and thus it should be equated that a strong backbone is required for the integrity of the industry. Unfortunately, inability of government to establish in a timely manner guidelines for advanced nursing practice results in a conflict between the roles of a physician and a nurse practitioner, which leads to uncertainty and potential misconduct.And still, it is clear that the advantages and benefits of advanced nursing practices far outweigh i ts consequences.   It should also be noted that there are boundaries and limits that are established between the two professions and that any argument regarding these should be settled in a much rather mild-mannered and professional way.   After all, professionalism is all about work and anything that is taken personally should be shrugged off.ReferencesAdvanced nursing practice update. (1999). Kansas State Nurses Association. Retrieved July 31, 2006 from http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3940/is_199906/ai_n8877228/printAdvanced Practice Nursing. (15 July 2006). Retrieved July 31, 2006 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Practice_NurseBernal, E. W. (2002). The Nurse as Patient Advocate. The Hastings Center Report, 22(4), 18.Brown, M.A., & Draye, M.A. (2003). Experiences of pioneer nurse practitioners in establishing advanced practice roles. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 35(4), 391-397.Capobianco, M. (1999). Advanced practice nursing in the northwest: â€Å"Th ere's a lot happening in our little corner of the state†. Connecticut Nursing News. Sept/Nov.   Retrieved July 31, 2006 from http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3902/is_199909/ai_n8853925/printEdmunds, Marilyn W. (1999). Increasing professional tension limits NP opportunities. Springhouse Corporation. Retrieved July 31, 2006 from   Ã‚  http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3958/is_199905/ai_n8851221/printHickey, J. V. (2000). ANCC Responds. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 36(1), 33.Mccabe, S., & Burman, M. E. (2006). A Tale of Two APNs: Addressing Blurred Practice Boundaries in APN Practice. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 42(1), 3.Nurse Practice Act changes to be introduced in 1999. Kansas Nurses.   Jan. 1999.Peternelj-Taylor, C. A., & Yonge, O. (2003). Exploring Boundaries in the Nurse-Client Relationship: Professional Roles and Responsibilities. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 39(2), 55.Raingruber, B. (2003). Nurture: The Fundamental Significance o f Relationship as a Paradigm for Mental Health Nursing. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 39(3), 104.Sharp, Nancy. (2000). â€Å"The 21st century belongs to nurse practitioners†. Nurse Practitioner, April, 2000.

Grammatical aspect Essay

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind. Examples: †¢ I saw a movie yesterday. †¢ I didn’t see a play yesterday. †¢ Last year, I traveled to Japan. †¢ Last year, I didn’t travel to Korea. †¢ Did you have dinner last night? †¢ She washed her car. †¢ He didn’t wash his car. USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions [pic] We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on. Examples: †¢ I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim. †¢ He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00. †¢ Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs? USE 3 Duration in Past [pic] The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc. Examples: †¢ I lived in Brazil for two years. †¢ Shauna studied Japanese for five years. †¢ They sat at the beach all day. †¢ They did not stay at the party the entire time. †¢ We talked on the phone for thirty minutes. †¢ A: How long did you wait for them? B: We waited for one hour. USE 4 Habits in the Past [pic] The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as â€Å"used to. † To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc. Examples: †¢ I studied French when I was a child. †¢ He played the violin. †¢ He didn’t play the piano. †¢ Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid? †¢ She worked at the movie theater after school. †¢ They never went to school, they always skipped class. USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations [pic] The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression â€Å"used to. † Examples: †¢ She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing. †¢ He didn’t like tomatoes before. †¢ Did you live in Texas when you were a kid? †¢ People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past. IMPORTANT When-Clauses Happen First. Clauses are groups of words which have meaning but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word â€Å"when† such as â€Å"when I dropped my pen†¦ † or â€Å"when class began†¦ † These clauses are called when-clauses, and they are very important. The examples below contain when-clauses. Examples: †¢ When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question. †¢ She answered my question when I paid her one dollar. When-clauses are important because they always happen first when both clauses are in the Simple Past. Both of the examples above mean the same thing: first, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my question. It is not important whether â€Å"when I paid her one dollar† is at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence. However, the example below has a different meaning. First, she answered my question, and then, I paid her one dollar. Example: †¢ I paid her one dollar when she answered my question. ADVERB PLACEMENT The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples: †¢ You just called Debbie. †¢ Did you just call Debbie? Past Continuous FORM [was/were + present participle] Examples: †¢ You were studying when she called. †¢ Were you studying when she called? †¢ You were not studying when she called. Complete List of Past Continuous Forms USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Past [pic] Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time. Examples: †¢ I was watching TV when she called. †¢ When the phone rang, she was writing a letter. †¢ While we were having the picnic, it started to rain. †¢ What were you doing when the earthquake started? †¢ I was listening to my iPod, so I didn’t hear the fire alarm. †¢ You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off. †¢ While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car. †¢ Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plane. †¢ While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off. †¢ A: What were you doing when you broke your leg? B: I was snowboarding. USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption [pic] In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption. Examples: †¢ Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner. †¢ At midnight, we were still driving through the desert. †¢ Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work. IMPORTANT In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action. Examples: †¢ Last night at 6 PM, I ate dinner. I started eating at 6 PM. †¢ Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner. I started earlier; and at 6 PM, I was in the process of eating dinner. USE 3 Parallel Actions [pic] When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel. Examples: †¢ I was studying while he was making dinner. †¢ While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television. †¢ Were you listening while he was talking? †¢ I wasn’t paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I made several mistakes. †¢ What were you doing while you were waiting? †¢ Thomas wasn’t working, and I wasn’t working either. †¢ They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time. USE 4 Atmosphere In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past. Example: †¢ When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each other about the bad service. USE 5 Repetition and Irritation with â€Å"Always† [pic] The Past Continuous with words such as â€Å"always† or â€Å"constantly† expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the expression â€Å"used to† but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words â€Å"always† or â€Å"constantly† between â€Å"be† and â€Å"verb+ing. † Examples: †¢ She was always coming to class late. †¢ He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone. †¢ I didn’t like them because they were always complaining. While vs. When Clauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word â€Å"when† such as â€Å"when she called† or â€Å"when it bit me. † Other clauses begin with â€Å"while† such as â€Å"while she was sleeping† and â€Å"while he was surfing. † When you talk about things in the past, â€Å"when† is most often followed by the verb tense Simple Past, whereas â€Å"while† is usually followed by Past Continuous. â€Å"While† expresses the idea of â€Å"during that time. † Study the examples below. They have similar meanings, but they emphasize different parts of the sentence. Examples: †¢ I was studying when she called. †¢ While I was studying, she called. REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Past. Examples: †¢ Jane was being at my house when you arrived. Not Correct †¢ Jane was at my house when you arrived. Correct ADVERB PLACEMENT The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples: †¢ You were just studying when she called. †¢ Were you just studying when she called? ACTIVE / PASSIVE Examples: †¢ The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store. Active †¢ The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store. Passive Past Perfect FORM [had + past participle] Examples: †¢ You had studied English before you moved to New York. †¢ Had you studied English before you moved to New York? †¢ You had not studied English before you moved to New York. Complete List of Past Perfect Forms USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Past [pic] The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past. Examples: †¢ I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai. †¢ I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet. †¢ Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times. †¢ Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand? †¢ She only understood the movie because she had read the book. †¢ Kristine had never been to an opera before last night. †¢ We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in advance. †¢ A: Had you ever visited the U. S. before your trip in 2006? B: Yes, I had been to the U. S. once before. USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs) [pic] With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past. Examples: †¢ We had had that car for ten years before it broke down. †¢ By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years. †¢ They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years. Although the above use of Past Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words â€Å"live,† â€Å"work,† â€Å"teach,† and â€Å"study† are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs. IMPORTANT Specific Times with the Past Perfect [pic]. Unlike with the Present Perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or phrases with the Past Perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary. Example: †¢ She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996. MOREOVER If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past can be used instead of the Past Perfect when â€Å"before† or â€Å"after† is used in the sentence. The words â€Å"before† and â€Å"after† actually tell you what happens first, so the Past Perfect is optional. For this reason, both sentences below are correct. Examples: †¢ She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996. †¢ She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996. HOWEVER [pic] If the Past Perfect is not referring to an action at a specific time, Past Perfect is not optional. Compare the examples below. Here Past Perfect is referring to a lack of experience rather than an action at a specific time. For this reason, Simple Past cannot be used. Examples: †¢ She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not Correct †¢ She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. Correct ADVERB PLACEMENT The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples: †¢ You had previously studied English before you moved to New York. †¢ Had you previously studied English before you moved to New York? ACTIVE / PASSIVE Examples: †¢ George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic’s license. Active †¢ Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic’s license. Passive Past Perfect Continuous FORM [had been + present participle] Examples: †¢ You had been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived. †¢ Had you been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived? †¢ You had not been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived. Complete List of Past Perfect Continuous Forms USE 1 Duration Before Something in the Past [pic] We use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past. â€Å"For five minutes† and â€Å"for two weeks† are both durations which can be used with the Past Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous; however, the duration does not continue until now, it stops before something else in the past. Examples: †¢ They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived. †¢ She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business. †¢ How long had you been waiting to get on the bus? †¢ Mike wanted to sit down because he had been standing all day at work. †¢ James had been teaching at the university for more than a year before he left for Asia. †¢ A: How long had you been studying Turkish before you moved to Ankara? B: I had not been studying Turkish very long. USE 2 Cause of Something in the Past [pic] Using the Past Perfect Continuous before another action in the past is a good way to show cause and effect. Examples: †¢ Jason was tired because he had been jogging. †¢ Sam gained weight because he had been overeating. †¢ Betty failed the final test because she had not been attending class. Past Continuous vs. Past Perfect Continuous If you do not include a duration such as â€Å"for five minutes,† â€Å"for two weeks† or â€Å"since Friday,† many English speakers choose to use the Past Continuous rather than the Past Perfect Continuous. Be careful because this can change the meaning of the sentence. Past Continuous emphasizes interrupted actions, whereas Past Perfect Continuous emphasizes a duration of time before something in the past. Study the examples below to understand the difference. Examples: †¢ He was tired because he was exercising so hard. This sentence emphasizes that he was tired because he was exercising at that exact moment. †¢ He was tired because he had been exercising so hard. This sentence emphasizes that he was tired because he had been exercising over a period of time. It is possible that he was still exercising at that moment OR that he had just finished. REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Perfect Continuous with these verbs, you must use Past Perfect. Examples: †¢ The motorcycle had been belonging to George for years before Tina bought it. Not Correct †¢ The motorcycle had belonged to George for years before Tina bought it. Correct ADVERB PLACEMENT. The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples: †¢ You had only been waiting there for a few minutes when she arrived. †¢ Had you only been waiting there for a few minutes when she arrived? ACTIVE / PASSIVE Examples: †¢ Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant’s fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris. Active †¢ The restaurant’s fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris. Passive NOTE: Passive forms of the Past Perfect Continuous are not common.

Human Resources Management Essay

Activity 1: Understand the knowledge, skills and behaviours required to be an effective HR practitioner 1.1 Explain the knowledge, skills and behaviours required to be effective in an identified HR role The CIPD created an HR Profession Map which provides a framework for self-assessment activity which forms the basis of Continuous Professional Development. The map is suitable for anyone operating anywhere in the world and it has been designed to support HR professionals at every stage of their career. It is a view on how the HR department functions and adds value to any organisation in all sectors no matter the shape or size. Through its simple and flexible structure the HRPM covers ten professional areas and eight behaviours and it is set out in four bands of competence. The HRPM was elaborated starting from two key professional areas: ‘Strategy, Insights & Solutions’ and ’Leading and managing the function.’ ‘Strategy, Insights & Solutions’ is at the core of HRPM because it grows actionable insights and solutions, prioritised against deep business awareness. The ‘Leading and managing the function’ professional area provides activ e, insight-led leadership. The eight professional behaviours that HR practitioners need in order to be effective and make a contribution to the success of the organisation are: decisive thinker, skilled influencer, personally credible, collaborative, driven to deliver, courage to challenge and being a role model. There are different mixtures of behaviours that link to each professional area, but there are no requirements as to what behaviours are required for a certain role; however the four bands of professional competence will position the different levels of performance. The staff at Band 1 level are involved in support with administration providing first line advice, effectively managing information. Mainly customer support focused, they follow agreed methodology and processes and are usually flexible to change when new ideas are agreed. They have knowledge about how to deliver high quality service, handle and resolve complaints and approach difficult customers. At this level of competence staff actively develops understanding of the HR profession both within, and beyond the organisation and work positive with other areas of HR to deliver objectives. They search for advice from team leaders and colleagues in order to achieve objectives  and supply the organisation with ideas, observations and suggestions for improvements when they become apparent. Staff at Band 1 plan and execute personal and professional development and are aware of the organisation structure, culture, values, operations and goals, its range of products and services and its customer base. The technical knowledge required for the role is met in professionals at this level of competence. They perceive the significance of how the component parts of HR combine together to create an overall service for the business objectives. They comprehend how to work with others in HR to prioritise tasks and manage time to reach objectives. Professionals at this level of competence are confident in: asking questions and seeking clarification, pursuing and reflecting feedback on personal performance and using it to modify practice and plan development (curiosity) using previous experience, standards, procedures and common sense to make decisions (decisive thinking) identifying the key points to communicate, selecting the right means for the message and audience (skilled influencer) demonstrating a consistently strong disposition for action and a desire to succeed (driven to deliver) making a positive contribution to the team, supporting and coaching colleagues through their day-to-day work( collaborative) taking satisfaction in being considered trustworthy and reliable by stakeholders and colleagues (personally credible) advocates personal, departmental and company values, processes and behaviour(positive role model) building relationships with colleagues in HR and with customers The staff at Band 2 level has a clear understanding of the evaluation process and has the ability to resolve satisfactory problems, where Band 3 acts as consultants, leading the professional area. They spend their time in understanding the functional and business realities providing solutions. At Band 4 level are leading the function or professional area and are development and performance coaches for the hard issues. They develop the organisation and human resources strategies. Activity 2: Know how to deliver timely and effective HR services to meet users’ needs 2.1 Identify the needs of those using HR services within an organisation and explain how conflicting needs are identified and prioritised In order to deliver excellent customer service there are needed a mixture of both knowledge and skills. There is need of knowledge of the products and services supplied to the external customers for those services and products, the systems and procedures within the organisation and the network of internal customers. The HR department is a service department to a range of customers. These can be external customers such as legal or government agencies, or within an organisation, the internal customers are Employees (current and potential), Line Managers, Senior Managers and Directors. Employees need professional HR support from real people partners and HR must be responsive and clear about what services it offers. HR has to be easy to contact and able to respond quickly and effectively, able to motivate its customers in order to increase their efficiency (bonuses and promotions), because the success of any organization depends on the employees potential. Employees are the main asset of any organisation. They require accurate and on time pay and benefits, to be provided the motivation to work and given the opportunity for training and development. Managers want an HR function which understands the workforce and can help manage the balance between employee and business needs. They need a proactive HR function which identifies issues before they happen and works with managers to address them. They would like HR to help them with their most challenging personnel issues including motivation, change and skills development. Line managers need to be supported by strong organisational values and they also need to feel confident that their own managers will treat them with respect. They need to be encouraged to reflect on their own behaviour and how they are perceived by those they manage and they need to understand their impact on motivation consequently on performance. The needs of employees and managers may sometimes be conflicting. For example, managers require tasks t o be completed as quickly as possible with very good results whereas employees want more time in order to complete certain tasks. An effective HR department must use knowledge, diplomacy and confidence in dealing with both groups to find the right balance. A way of resolving these conflicts is to focus on the overall needs of the organisation by ensuring that employees with the right skill sets are recruited. The skills and abilities of the employee must be aligned to their job role and HR has to honour development  and training to ensure productivity is reached and recognise people effectively with own selected ways of recognition. Despite the best efforts of HR departments there are some times when customers’ needs cannot be met. In this case fair reasons must be provided in a professional and sensitive way. 2.2 Identify different methods of communication and explain the advantages and disadvantages of each Communication plays a very important role in the development of an organisation. Every task in any role in a Human Resources department calls for good communication and is the simplest way to transfer information from one place to another. When a new employee is hired, good communication skills help pick the right person and make sure the person hired knows what the job involves. When training, coaching, or evaluating an employee superior communication will clarify the expectations from that person. When conflicts arise high standard communication skills resolve the issues without creating more. Good communication can help to: improve relationships and teamwork, boost performance and productivity solve problems effectively, create an environment conducive to openness for others. Oral communication is one of the most effective means of communication. Oral communication is very easy and simple. Also it avoids time wasting. Spoken or Verbal Communication is required in situations like: face-to-face meetings, telephone, team briefings, conferences and seminars. Advantages of verbal communication are: the opportunity for instant feedback to make sure the message was understood and the opportunity of making decisions without any delays the occasion to utilize nonverbal clues (tone, body language, inflection) the permission to make specific points in detail and elaborate on any that are unclear points are broken down and clearly understood the offer to the recipients of undivided attention making them feel more important is very useful when it comes to the transmission of very private and confidential information relatively cheaper means of communication it can be achieved without the need of travelling to communicate with people outside the organization is particularly good when one wants to persuade or motivate people into doing something. simplicity in identifying mistakes and correction of the ones already said However, there are several disadvantages and the main one is miscommunication. In other words, whatever the listener hears is often not what is meant. The simplest words, for example, have a different connotation for different people. The most important disadvantages of Verbal Communication are: there is no formal record of transaction which could later cause problems if the verbal message is passed on along the hierarchy, then some distortions can occur during the process. lengthy and distant communications cannot be effectively conveyed verbally receiver may be in receipt of the message in his own perception and thus misunderstand the intent of the message. spontaneous responses may not be carefully thought about. things like background noise could interfere during the transmission of information and render the information ineffective Using non-verbal communication (e.g. body language, gestures, eye contact and posture) is another efficient method of communication. Body language can transfer attitudes toward a speaker even before a word is said and can be used to show the speaker engagement in the conversation. Non-verbal communications include facial expressions, the tone and pitch of the voice, gestures which can give clues and additional information and meaning over and above spoken (verbal) communication. The advantages of non-verbal communication are: possibility to speak with a person who cannot hear it gives the chance to communicate in places where talking audibly is avoided ability to communicate from small distance without needing to raise the voice The disadvantages of non-verbal communication are: impossibility to carry out long conversations the variety from culture to culture particularities of messages cannot be discussed in detail that it is not a useful tool for public communication that it is less influential than verbal communication Written Communication includes: letters, e-mails, books, magazines, the Internet or via other media. Writing skills are an important part of communication. Good writing skills allow the possibility to communicate messages with clarity and ease to a far larger audience than through face-to-face or telephone conversations. The advantages of written communication are as follows: strengthens and clarifies a verbal message allows records to be kept for future reference more reliable than oral communication more precise than any other means of communication can be stored for future analysis can be easily distributed to recipients that are in different locations. Disadvantages associated with the written communication are that can take a considerable amount of time to produce inflexibility feedback is not immediate slows down the decision making process can be very expensive to produce and to disseminate 2.3 Describe how to build and maintain effective service delivery The HR professional ensures that the delivery of HR service and information to leaders, managers and staff within the organisation is accurate, efficient, timely and cost effective. Feedback and complaints are important as they give HR assistants the opportunity to improve themselves, their processes and services. When dealing with complaints in order to obtain a positive result the problem must be clarified and solution options must be identified. By solving customers problems, or fulfilling their needs loyalty and competitive advantage is being built. Activity 3: Be able to reflect on own practice and development needs and maintain a plan for personal development 3.1 Explain the concept and importance of CPD Continuous Professional Development (CPD) is a combination of approaches, ideas and techniques that will help me to manage my own learning and growth. The CIPD CPD principles are as follows: development is continuous in the sense that members actively seek to improve their skills, knowledge and performance members show an active interest in the internal and external environment and in the continuous development and improvement of self and others at both organisation and individual levels development is owned and managed by the individual, learning from all experiences, combined with reflection as a key activity 3.2 Undertake a self-assessment of capabilities as an HR or L&D practitioner and identify development needs Studying CPD is important as it gives me a number of benefits and helps me to build my own confidence and credibility with employers CPD enables me to: take steps to achieve my goals by focussing on my training and development be more productive and efficient highlight my skills and achievements within a framework that is recognised by employers. 3.3 Evaluate options to meet identified development needs Advantages of distance learning are: does not require commuting can study from anywhere while pursuing the education of my choice gain extra knowledge self-paced learning Disadvantages of distance learning are: costly and complex technology requires advance planning and time management to get make sure assignments are done on time the hidden costs does not offer immediate feedback distance learning degrees may not be acknowledged by all employers distance learning does not give the opportunity to work on oral communication skills do not get the practice of verbal interaction with professors and other students social isolation Overall saves you money and time as you can schedule learning around other aspects of your personal and professional life. You do not have to live in the same city or the same country to attend the learning institution of your choice. You can study wherever you have access to a computer and Internet connection. You can transfer the computer and Internet skills that you will gain in the process of your distance learning experience to other facets of your life. However social isolation is lessened with advances and use of communication technologies such as bulletin boards, threaded discussions, social networking, chats, email and video conferencing.